第二章里已经给出了名词短语（noun phrase）的概念、基本结构和语法功能，本章将对noun phrase更为全面的梳理和阐述。
3.1-3.4 限定词（determiner）
3.1 概念和种类（definition and kinds）
限定词（determiner）是名词的标志，其位置在名词的前置修饰语（premodifier）之前。determiner数量有限，属于封闭类型（closed class）。根据它们在名词前的前、中、后的位置，分别命名为：前位限定词（predeterminer），中位限定词（central determiner）和后位限定词（postdeterminer）
3.2前位限定词（predeterminer）
冠词（article）是名词的主要标志，是名词的中位限定词（central determiner），前位限定词（predeterminer）位于冠词、物主代词、指示代词等中位限定词（central determiner）之前。为了帮助大家记忆，夸克语法将它们分成三类：
第一类：表示数量的all, both and half，请看它们的位置：
all (the) girls, all (of) the students, all of them/whom, all his students etc.
both those cars, both (of) his eyes, both those musicians, both of them/which,
half an hour, half(of) the time, half of it/this, half the sum, etc.
例句：
All (of) the children were working hard.
His action was condemned by all (of) the civilized world.
他的行为遭遇所有文明世界的谴责。
All (of) that money you gave them has been spent. 他们把你所给的钱全都花完了。
All (of)/Both (of) the boys want to become football players.
Both (of) his parents died young. 他的父母都早年英逝。
Half a loaf is better than none/no bread. (saying) 有总比没有强。（俗话）
If you give him half a chance, he’ll show how well he can do the job. 你只要给他一点点机会，他就会显示出其工作的才华。
第二类：表示倍数的double, twice, three times；表示分数的one-third, one-fifth etc：
double the sum/double the amount 总数的双倍
twice my salary, twice his strength, twice a decade 两倍薪水；双倍他的力气；二十年
three times the usual cost, three times every week 通常价格的三倍；每周三次
one-third (of) the time 三分之一的时间
例句：
The jail now houses almost double the number of prisoners it was designed for. 如今监狱收留的犯人数量比设计容量几乎翻了一番。
He could earn twice his present salary at the new job. 到了新的岗位他的工资将是现今工资的双倍。
The area received three times the amount of rain it got last year. 这个地区的降雨量是去年的三倍。
第三类：表示感叹的such, what, etc.
Such a surprise! 如此这般的惊讶！
There is no such thing as a free lunch. 没有免费的午餐这类好事。
Autumn's such a beautiful season. 秋季是如此漂亮的季节。
What a fine day! 天气太好了！
He is not half such a fool as they thought. 他远非他们认为的那么傻。
3.3中位限定词（central determiner）
中位限定词包括冠词（article）、指示代词（demonstrative pron.）、物主代词（possessive pron.）、名词所有格（possessive case of n. ）和某些不定代词（indefinite pron.）：
冠词（article）：定冠词(definite article) the 和不定冠词(indefinite article) a 和an；
指示代词（demonstrative pron.）：this, that, these, those
物主代词（possessive pron.）：my, your, his, her, our, their
名词所有格（possessive case of n. ）：men’s, children’s
不定代词（indefinite pron.） every, each, either, neither, no
上面前位限定词中的例句里都已经显示了中位限定词的位置，不再举例赘述。
3.4后位限定词（postdeterminer）
后位限定词包括基数词和序数词，还有many, much, few, little etc. 序数词还包括表示顺序的next, last, past, additional, another, other等。顾名思义，后位限定词放在中位限定词的后边：
the many officers, the few survivors, all their five boys
很多官员，几个幸存者，所有五个男孩
the first three days, another three weeks (序数词在基数词之前) 开始的三天，另外三周
my three children, these few inventions 我的三个孩子，这些不多的发明
3.5-3.20名词修饰语（noun modifier）
3.5 概念和种类（definition and kinds）
名词的修饰语有前后之分，放在名词前面的是前置修饰语（premodifier），跟在名词后叫作后置修饰语（postmodifier）。
3.6 前置修饰语（premodifier）
前置修饰语放在限定词的后边，名词的前边，包括形容词（adjective），名词（noun），v-ing 分词（v-ing participle）和v-ed分词（v-ed participle）。
作为前置修饰语的形容词是一个开放类的（open-class）词类，数量无限，例子俯拾皆是：
the old man, an honest boy, a tall tree, a beautiful flower, the high mountain etc.
名词作前置修饰语一般用单数形式，有的被看成了复合名词，中间可以有连字符（hyphen），也可以索性写成一个单词，因此名词作修饰语与被修饰的名词关系最为密切：
honeymoon couple 蜜月伴侣
stem cells 干细胞
locker rooms 衣帽间
a quartz-watch 石英表
goalpost 球门柱
a car bomb attack 汽车炸弹袭击
名词以复数形式作为前置修饰语也经常看到，譬如：
arms race 军备竞赛
careers service 就业服务
communications satellite 通讯卫星
customs duties 关税
humanities graduates 文科毕业生
Human Rights Day 人权日
sports meet 运动会
名词以复数形式作为前置修饰语数量是有限的，因此属于封闭类（closed-class），详尽材料参见电子文档“1.复数名词作前置修饰的例句”。去信1735007082@qq.com可以向作者索取电子文档。
v-ing participle作前置修饰都是单个分词，而不是clause，例子无数，属于开放类（open-class），很多已经被看作adj.：
developing countries 发展中国家
farming communities 农业社区
hearing aids 助听器
a racing car 赛车
operating theatre 手术室
exciting news 令人亢奋的消息
an exhausting journey 让人疲劳至极的旅行
v-ed participle作前置修饰也都是单个分词，而不是clause。例子无数，属于开放类（open-class），很多已经被看成形容词：
televised debates 电视转播的辩论
an informed decision 充分掌握信息的一项决策
an emailed statement 电邮声明
distracted driving 思想不集中的驾驶
paid leave 带薪假
an exhausted oil-well 枯竭的油井
附：前置修饰语的排序（order of premodifiers）
前置修饰语可以分成四个区域：
第一区域是那些没有级别的，尤其是那些用于加强程度的形容词，譬如：certain, definite, plain, pure, same, sheer, complete, slight, absolute, entire, extreme, perfect, total, feeble6（虚弱无力的）, slight etc.
第二区域是那些既能作定语又能充当表语（或主补）的核心形容词，非名词或动词派生而来的形容词，其中表示尺寸、长度和高度的形容词习惯放在非派生的形容词之前：
a small round table 比 a round small table 顺口
long straight hair 比 straight long hair 多见
a tall angry man 比 an angry tall man 好听
第三区域是由动词派生来的形容词，包括v-ing和v-ed participle，还包括表示颜色的形容词，如believable, variable, attractive, talkative, exciting, please, red, purple etc.
第四区域是由名词派生来的形容词，如：experimental, statistical, political, annual, economic, medical, social, rural，Chinese, English etc. 当然也包括作前置修饰的名词。
以上四个区域的前置修饰语按前后排序，请看例子：
1 +2: certain important people 某些重要人物
1+3: the same restricted income 同样的数字有限的收入
1+4: your present annual turnover 如今你的年营业额
2+3: a funny red hat 怪怪的一顶红帽子
2+4: an enormous tidal wave 巨大的海啸/海潮
1+2+4: certain rich American producers 某个富裕的美国生产商
3.7-3.20后置修饰语（postmodifier）
3.7 后置修饰语种类（kinds of postmodifiers）
名词的后置修饰语包括形容词（adjective）、副词（adverb）、介词短语（prep. phrase）、v-ed 分句（v-ed clause）、v-ing分句（v-ing clause）、同位语（appositive）、定语/关系分句（relative clause）和同位语分句（appositive clause）等。
3.8 形容词作后置修饰语（adj. as postmodifier）
Adj.作前置修饰是开放性的（open class），adj. phrase作后置修饰也是open class，如：
I had a management position open in my department. 我部门有一个空缺的管理岗位。
Soldiers normally timid don't fight well. 一般来说胆小的士兵没有战斗力。
A man usually honest will sometimes cheat. 平时老实的人有时候也会欺骗。
而单个adj.作后置修饰是closed class，即数量有限，我们可以一一列出：
1. 形容词修饰不定代词（indefinite pron.）的时候必须后置：
somebody very tall 个头很高的某人
nothing new 没有什么新意
something nice for dinner 适合主餐的某样食品
Anyone (who is) intelligent can do it. 凡是聪明的人都能做这个工作。
I want to try on something (that is) larger. 我想试试更大的事情。
We’re not going anywhere very exciting. 我们不去任何令人亢奋的地方。
The moment you feel uncomfortable, you really don't need to do anything else but press one button. 感到不舒服的时候，你只需要按一个按钮。
2. 有一组习惯用语，形容词后置：
the president elect [soon take office] 当选总统（即将宣誓就任）
heir apparent 当然继承者
（cf. the apparent reason, the rich heir）
attorney general 检察总长，司法部长
secretary general 秘书长
from time immemorial 自古以来
notary（公正员） public or public notary 公证人
the person opposite (also the opposite direction) 反对的人（相反方向）
all of us, me included (also including me) 我们全部，包括我在内
Monday to Friday inclusive (AmE: Monday through Friday) 周一到周五全天
3. -able and –ible 后缀的adj. 名词前有最高级或only或表示序数的last，next 等修饰时：
the best possible use 或 the best use possible 最好的可能使用的方法
the greatest imaginable insult 或 the greatest insult imaginable 可以想象的最大的污蔑
the best available person或 the best person available 可以提供的最佳人选
the only suitable actor 或the only actor suitable 唯一合适的演员
They eat the finest available food 或They eat the finest food available.
他们食用能够提供的最好的食品。
Available后置修饰更为宽松：
I'll send you all the periodicals available. 我将把所有的可以提供的期刊全部寄给你。
There are already effective treatments available for many of these conditions. 已经有治疗多种疾病的有效方法。
4. 注意以下形容词前置修饰和后置修饰的区别：
the stars visible和the visible stars
rivers navigable 和navigable rivers
at the time appointed和at the appointed time
in years past和in past years
the years preceding和the preceding years
proof positive和positive proof
the people involved和the involved people
上面这几个noun phrases，形容词后置修饰具有临时性，前置修饰更加趋向表示一种持久的特性类别，譬如the visible star表示肉眼一直可以看到的星星，而the stars visible是一时看到的，非持久的意思。同样the involved people表示始终被牵涉的人们，而the people involved表示临时牵涉的人员。the preceding years “前面的年份里”而the years preceding含义为“刚刚过去的几年”。其余可以类推
Present“在场的”始终表示一种临时性，因此常放在相关名词的后面：
The men (who were) present were their supporters. 在场的人是他们的支持者。
concerned前置修饰和后置修饰的区别与上一组不同：
The concerned parents asked for news of their children. 忧虑的父母打听他们孩子的消息。（“担心的，忧虑的”同义词可以是：anxious, bothered, caring, distressed, disturbed, fearful, touched, troubled, unhappy, upset, worried.）
If you want the truth, talk to the people concerned. 如果你想了解真相，对相关人员说说。（“相关的”，同义词可以是：connected, implicated, interested, involved, relevant, referred to.）
Enough修饰名词时，前后位置均可以，且无区别：
There is enough food /food enough for everybody.
5. 一组以a-打头的形容词单个不能作前置修饰（premodifier），它们常作主补（Subject complement），这组a-adjectives 可以作名词的后置修饰语（postmodifier），相当于在定语分句中作了主补，这一组closed-class a-adjectives 包括ablaze（烧着的）, afloat（浮在水面的）, afraid, alert, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake etc.
The girl (who is) ashamed is running away. 害羞的姑娘跑走了。
I want to have a chat with the old man (who is) alone. 我想和那个孤单老人说说话。
The house (which is) ablaze is next door to mine. 着火的房子就在我隔壁。
The boats (which were) afloat were not seen by the bandits. 漂在水面上的那些船土匪们看不见。
3.9 副词作后置修饰语（adv. as postmodifier）
这是一组表示地址、时间或方向的adv：
the years ahead 即将到来的几年
the road back 回头路
the meeting yesterday 明天的会议
their stay overnight 他们度夜期间
the way ahead 前面的路
The way out was hard to find. 出路难找。
Cf. the way which leads out of the auditorium
The people behind were talking all the time. 后边的人一直说着话。
Cf. the people who were sitting behind
下面一组既可以前置也可以后置修饰：
his homeward journey his journey homeward 回家的行程
the downstairs hall the hall downstairs 楼下的大厅
the backstage noise the noise backstage 后台的噪音
the above quotation the quotation above 上面的引语
the upstairs neighbor the neighbor upstairs 楼上的邻居
3.10 介词短语作后置修饰语 （prep. phrase as postmodifier）
Prep. phrase作名词的后置修饰有两种情形，一种是可以根据意思自由组合的，可以表示名词的位置、方向、所属、内容等：
the girl in the corner 角落里的姑娘 the boys from Class 5 五班的男孩子们
the trees along the road 沿路的树木 this book on grammar 这本语法书
an umbrella for 5 dollars 价值五美元的一把伞 a man over forty 超过四十的一个男人
the road to Lincoln 去伦敦的道路 passengers on board the ship 轮船上的旅客
action in case of fire 失火时的行动 two years before the war 战前两年
第二种情形是那些由adj. 或v. 派生来的名词（de-verbal/de-adjectival. n.），那些同源形容词或动词（cognate adj. or v.）后面的prep.也跟在相应的n. 之后，例如：
He has no interest in music. (interested in) 他对音乐无兴趣。
His absence from school was caused by illness. (absent from) 他不能上学的原因是生病了。
His royalty to his motherland is unquestionable. (loyal to) 他对祖国的忠诚是不容怀疑的。
The preparations for the party took hours. (to prepare for) 聚会的准备花费了好几个小时。
但有时候n. 后面跟的prep.与同源形容词或动词（cognate adj. or v.）后面跟的prep.发生了变化，如：
He has special fondness for sweets. (fond of) 他特别喜欢甜食。
They gave up all hope of his recovery. (to hope for)他们放弃了他会恢复的希望。 （hope of 归到同位关系，详见本章3.14-3.17 名词后的同位语 （排版敲定后填写页码）。
还有的n.没有同源形容词或动词（cognate adj. or v.），或者本身是一个vt.：
They promise to put an end to unfair policies. （to end是vt.）
他们答应结束不公正的政策。
I have the greatest admiration for all those involved in the project.（admire是vt.）
我向此项目所有的参与者表示最崇高的敬意。
The major obstacle to achieving that goal is money. （obstacle无同源形容词或动词）
实现那个目标的主要障碍是资金问题。
正因为如此，这种情形的n. 后跟prep. phrase属于固定用法，无法通过联想进行记忆，必须下点功夫，一方面与它们的cognate adj. v. 联系起来记忆，另一方面还要记忆少数没有cognate adj. v.和prep发生变化的情况。现把大学英语课程教学要求内的 n. + prep phrase 固定用法罗列下面：
about | anger, bother, comments, concerns, controversy, curiosity, debate, enquiry/inquiry, ignorance , reservations（保留意见）, talk |
against | anger, prejudice, raid, sanctions, victory |
at | amazement, anger, attempt, chance |
for | admiration, affection, ambition, appeal, appetite, bids, capacity, compensation, concern, cure, demand, desire, disregard6（漠视）, hatred, hunt, match, need, pardon, passion, plan, potential, preference, request, quest, reason, reservations（预订）, respect, responsibility, search, sympathy, thirst, tolerance |
from | exemption, independence, relief |
in | belief, change, confidence, faith, interest, interference, involvement, participation, progress, research |
into | entry, insight, investigation, probe（调查）, research |
of 同位或动宾关系 | attack, chance, control, demand, hatred, ignorance, intention,intolerance6(排斥，不容忍), investigation, lack, neglect, prospect, research, search, settlement, shortage, suspicion, threat, tolerance |
on/upon | action, agreement, assault6（攻击）, attack, attempt, ban, claim, comment, commitment, control, controversy, crackdown, debate, demands, discount, drag, effects, emphasis, expert, grip, impact, improvement, influence, information, interest（利息）, investigation, negotiations, policy, pressure, raid（突然袭击）, reliance6（依靠，依赖）, research, resolution, restriction, revenge6（报仇）, sanctions（制裁）, strain, talk, tariffs6（关税）, taxes, thoughts, views |
over | anger, concerns, control, controversy, debate, discontent6（不满）, dispute, improvement, negotiations, trial, victory |
to | access, alternative, amendment, answer, appeal, approach, attention, attitude, barriers, benefit, change, claim, commitment, consent, contrast, contribution, credit, damage, end, expedition6（远征）, exposure, halt, injury, intolerance6（不能容忍）, key, limit, loyalty, objections, obstacle, opposition, reaction, recruit, resistance, response, right(s), risk, sensitivity6（敏感）, solution, stop, superiority6（优越性）, threat, tolerance, tribute6（贡金，赞词）, visit |
toward(s) | attitude, contribution, intolerance6（不能容忍）, progress, tolerance |
with | discontent6（不满）, impatience, interference, involvement, progress |
Note:
1. adj.后面跟prep.，详见“4.6跟介词短语（prep. phrase）”待排版敲定后填写页码
2. v后跟prep.，详见“6.3动副型和动介型短语动词的区别（difference between v.+adv. & v.+prep.）” 待排版敲定后填写页码
3.表中名词后跟介词短语都有例句提供，见免费发送或下载的电子文档“2.名词后跟介词短语的例句”。
3.11 v-ed 分句作后置修饰（v-ed clause as postmodifier）
v-ed clause作名词的后置定语，相当于定语/关系分句（relative clause）：
a letter written in pencil = a letter which was written in pencil 用铅笔写的信
到了定语/关系分句里可能出现多种时态：
the car (being) repaired by that mechanic . . . 那个技工修理的汽车
the car that will be repaired/is (being) repaired/was (being) repaired by that mechanic
v-ed clause 作后置修饰一般是vt. 的v-ed形式：
The train which has arrived at platform I is from York. 到达1号站台的火车是从纽约来的。
?*The train arrived at platform I is from York. （?表示没有把握；*表示绝对不行）
但是，不及物动词的v-ed clause前加了合适的副词就可以了：
The train recently arrived at platform I is from York. （加了adv. recently）
刚到1号站台的火车是从纽约来的。
A man just gone to India (come from the meeting) told me about it. （加了adv. just）
刚去印度（刚散会回来）的那个人把那件事情告诉了我。
v-ed clause用逗号与前面的n.分开，变成了非限定性（nonrestrictive），就如同nonrestrictive relative clause那般了（详见本章3. 20 限制性和非限制性定语分句 排版敲定后填写页码），具有状语性（adverbial），可以挪到句子的首位（initial position）：
The substance, discovered almost by accident, has revolutionalized medicine.
Discovered almost by accident, the substance has revolutionalized medicine. = Although it was discovered almost by accident 尽管几乎是偶尔发现，这种物质对药物发生了革命性的改变。
3.12 v-ing分句作后置修饰语（v-ing clause as postmodifier）
v-ing clause 作后置修饰相当于relative clause：
the girl sitting here = the girl who is/was sitting here 坐在这里的姑娘
改写成relative clause可能出现多种时态：
The person writing reports is my colleague. =…who writes/is writing/was writing/will write/wrote/will be writing
如果v-ing clause中的动词与前面的n.是动宾关系，要使用被动的v-ing clause：
the patient being operated on = who is/was being operated on 正在动手术的病人
the guests having been invited to the dinner = who have/had been invited to the dinner
被邀请参加晚宴的客人们
不要以为v-ing clause一定是进行体（progressive aspect），那些一般不使用进行时的静态动词（stative v.）(cf. 12.7 静态动词和动态动词；延续动词和瞬间动词排版敲定后填写页码) 照样使用v-ing clause：
This is a liquid with a taste resembling that of soapy water. = which resembles; not: *which is resembling 这种液体的味道十分类似于肥皂水。
It was a mixture consisting of oil and vinegar. =that consisted of; not: *that was consisting of
这是一种油和醋的混合物。
v-ing clause 充当后置修饰也可以是nonrestrictive，这就需要使用逗号将其与前面的n.分开：
The man, wearing such dark glasses, obviously could not see clearly. 戴着这种墨镜的人明显是看不清楚的。
Nonrestrictive v-ing clause就如同nonrestrictive relative clause 一样具有状语性（详见本章后面的“3. 20 限制性和非限制性定语分句”排版敲定后填写页码），可以将其挪至句子的前部（initial position）：
Wearing such dark glasses, the man obviously could not see clearly. = Because he was wearing/whenever he wore such dark glasses…由于戴着一副深色眼睛，那人明显是看不清的。
3.13 不定式分句作后置定语 （infinitive as postmodifier）
Infinitive clause作n. 的后置定语（post modifier）有以下几种情况：
1. 跟在表示时间（time）、方式（way）或地址（position）后：
The best time to plant the seeds is during cool weather. 播种的最佳时间是凉爽的天气。
Becoming a non-smoker is one way to gain control of your life. 成为一个不吸烟者是掌控自己生命的一种方法。
They were looking for a place to rest. 他们在找一个休息的地方。
2. infinitive与前面被修饰的n.是主谓关系：
He was the first African-American to seek the presidency. 他是第一个参加总统竞选的非裔美国人。
They're the first ones to want to shut down Christmas. 他们是第一批不想过圣诞节的人。
I’m sure you’ll succeed in years (months) to come. 我确认你将在数年（月）后成功。
3. infinitive与前面被修饰的n.是动宾关系，infinitive可以是主动式，也可能是被动式：
They were looking something to eat.
Lettuce is one of the easiest vegetables to grow in a garden. 生菜是一种最容易在自家院子里生长的蔬菜之一。
Mr. Benet always could find a kind word to say or a joke to tell. 贝内先生总是能找到要说的词汇和要开的玩笑。
The easiest boys to teach were in my class. 最好教的孩子在我班里。
The first thing they did was to write an advertisement to be published in newspapers. 他们所做的第一件事是在报纸上刊登一则广告。
Among the families to be compensated are relatives of those killed in 2004. 除了补偿2004年被害人的家庭，还应该包括他们的亲戚。
4. 被修饰的n.是后面infinitive的工具或手段：
There are still no vaccines（疫苗）to prevent malaria（疟疾）. (=with which to prevent malaria) 还没有能够根治疟疾的疫苗。
Divers must have training and experience to swim in these caves. （=with which to swim in these caves）潜水者必须经过训练，具有在这些洞穴里游泳的经历。
We need to take measures to protect ourselves. (=with which to protect ourselves)我们需要采取保护自己的措施。
3.14-3.17 名词后的同位语（appositive after n.）
3.14 名词或名词短语充当同位语（n. or n. phrase as appositive）
名词或名词短语充当名词后的同位语是经常见到的语言现象，n.作为appositive，即指同一物体或人的两个n. 连续出现：
Mr. Campbell the lawyer was here last night. （Campbell就是律师，v.使用单数）坎贝尔律师昨天夜里到过这里。
两个n.可以使用and连接：
Mr. Campbell and the lawyer was here last night. （and不是表示并列，而是同位）
两个n.中间可以使用逗号隔开，变成了nonrestricitve，作补充说明：
A neighbor, Fred Brick, is on the telephone. 邻居弗雷特·布里克在打电话。
两个n.间可以用prep. “of”，这个of表示同位关系:
the city of Rome 罗马城
the news of the team's victory 团队凯旋的消息
an angel of a girl 姑娘天使，天使女儿
The thought of playing against them arouses all my aggressive instincts. 跟他们比赛的想法激发了我的好战本性。
He didn't accept the idea of working while he was studying. 他不接受学习期间工作的想法。
Her account of what she had done that year did not satisfy her colleagues. 她叙述了那年她做的事情，但满意不了她的同事。
第一个n.后可以使用一些标志词（indicator）点明是appositive。根据两个n.之间的关系可以选用：
表示类似和相同关系：that is to say, that is, ie （正式书面语 formal and written）, namely, viz (formal and written), in other words, or, or rather, or better etc.
举例说明：as follows, for example, for instance, eg.(formal and written), say, including, such as, especially, particularly, in particular, chiefly, mainly etc.
My best friend, (that is to say) Anna, was here last night. 我的最好的朋友，（就是）阿娜昨天晚上在这里的。
The children liked the animals, particularly the monkeys. 孩子们喜欢动物，尤其喜欢猴子。
A company commander, (namely) Captain Madison, assembled his men and announced their mission. 公司头目（即）麦迪逊上校把他的下属召集起来宣布他们的要完成的任务。
We - that is to say John and I - intend to resign. 我们，也就是说约翰和我，准备辞职。
We have everything we need: land, brain, wealth, technology. 我们有了我们所需要的一切：土地、智慧、财富、技术。
The United States of America or America for short. 美利坚合众国，即美国
They visited several cities, for example Rome and Athens. 他们访问了数个城市，譬如罗马和雅典。
3.15 v-ing 分句作同位语（v-ing clause as appositive）
v-ing clause相当于一个n.或 n. phrase：
I'm looking for a job driving cars. (a job as a driver) 我将找到一份司机工作。
We can offer you a career counseling delinquents（违法者） 我们能给你提供一个违法者的职业咨询工作。
There is plenty of work (for us) shoveling snow. 铲雪（对我们来说）是很繁重的事情。
His only interest in life, playing football, has brought him many friends. 他的生活兴趣就是踢球，这使他交了很多朋友。
3.16 不定式分句作同位语（Infinitive clause as appositive）
不定式充当名词的同位语例子很多，一般这些 n. 是由需要infinitive作宾语的vt.或需要infinitive作补语的adj. （cognate adj. or v.）派生而来，包括无需变化，直接转化而来的n. 譬如：
able to do sth. ability to do sth.
agree to do sth. agreement to do sth.
ambitious to do sth. ambition to do sth.
attempt to do sth. one’s attempt to do sth.
choose to do sth. have choice to do sth.
wh- infinitive也能充当同位语：
The question whether to confess or not troubled the girl.
是否承认的问题纠结着这个姑娘。
教学要求词表内可以跟infinitive作同位语的名词基本上都是形容词和动词派生来的 （de-adjectival noun and de-verbal noun），按字母顺序排列如下：
ability, appeal, assistance, bid, campaign, capacity, chance, claim, commitment, confidence, courage, decision, desire, determination, duty, effort, evidence, failure, freedom, honour, hope, (im)possibility, impulse, inability, incentive6（激励）, inclination, initiative, intention, invitation, license, move, necessity, need, obligation, opportunity, outcome, plan, possibility, potential, power, privilege, probability, promise, proposal, prospect , quest, readiness, refusal, reluctance, request, resolution, resolve, responsibility, right, risk, scheme, solution, step, suggestion, tendency, threat, trick, unwillingness, urge, will, willingness
很多英语工作者把n. 后边的infinitive全部看作是后置定语，其依据是汉语翻译：ability to do sth. 作某事的能力；chance to do sth.干某事的机会；freedom to do sth.做某事的自由；intention to do sth. 作某事的打算…等等，这些不定式不都像后置定语吗？但是如果我们进一步思索一下，这些后置不定式能够改成后置的定语分句吗？回答是否定的。相反上边阐述的作后置定语的不定式四种情形都是可以改写成定语分句的，请看举例：
They were looking for a place to rest/where they can rest.
他们在找一个可以休息的地方。
They're the first ones to want to shut down Christmas/who want to shut down Christmas.
他们是第一批不想过圣诞节的人。
They were looking something to eat/that can be eaten. 他们在寻找一些可以吃的东西。
We need to take measures to protect ourselves/with which to protect ourselves/with which we can protect ourselves.我们需要采取保护自己的措施。
而作同位语的infinitive前面的名词来自于同源的形容词和动词（cognate adj. or v.）。从意义角度说，充当同位语的infinitive表述了前面 n. 的具体内容，如ability to do sth.，ambition to do sth., have choice to do sth. 等分别表达了“什么能力”，“什么野心”和“什么选择”，译成汉语以后确实也如同定语一般，但实际上是表述了“能力”、“野心”和“选择”的具体内容。
很多充当名词同位语的不定式是可以改写成介词of+v-ing形式的，介词of表示了同位关系，这主要是指那些不是由人的行为控制的，而主要是靠人的判断来决定的名词，譬如 hope, possibility, prospect, risk etc.
the probability (for Anna) to do the job
Cf. the probability of (Anna('s)) doing the job 阿娜做这项工作的可能性
The team is running the risk to lose another game.
Cf. The team is running the risk of losing another game 团队冒丢掉另一场比赛的风险。
There is actually no hope (for them) to win the war.
Cf. There is actually no hope of (them/their) winning the war.
（他们）实际上没有希望赢得这场战争。
还有如：
I’ve no intention to change my plans just to fit in with his.
Cf. I’ve no intention of changing my plans just to fit in with his.
我不想改变计划以适应他的计划。
You can dial directly without the necessity to go through the operator.
Cf. You can dial directly without the necessity of going through the operator.
你可以直接拨打，没有必要通过总机。
Have you explored the possibilities to set up your own business?
Cf. Have you explored the possibilities of setting up your own business?
你考察过自己开公司的可能性吗？
Individuals have a responsibility to control personal behaviour.
Cf. Individuals have a responsibility of controlling personal behaviour.
人人都有义务管好个人行为。
We might take up the suggestion to print the books in Hong Kong.
Cf. We might take up the suggestion of printing the books in Hong Kong.
我认为我们可以采纳在香港印书的建议。
[注]
1. 要求infinitive clause作名词同位语的全部例句见电子文档“3.N + to infinitive 作同位语例句”
2. 要求infinitive作宾语（object）的 vt.详见5.8跟不定式作宾语 待排版敲定后填写页码
3. 要求infinitive作补语（complement）的 adj.详见4.7跟不定式 待排版敲定后填写页码
3.17 that和wh-分句作同位语（that & wh-clause as appositive of n. ）
that 分句作同位语表述了前面名词的具体内容：
以下课程教学要求词表里的名词都可以跟that clause作同位语（上角6 为六级词汇）：
accusation6（指责，控告） , announcement, belief, chance, charges, claim, concern, conclusion, confidence , conviction , criticism , decision, desire, doubt, duty, evidence, fact, fear, feeling, ground, guarantee, hope, hypothesis6（假设）, idea, impression, likelihood, news, notice, notion, opinion, plan, pledge, position, possibility, proof, puzzle, question, recommendation, relief, report, requirement, research, resolution, rumour, saying, sense, sign, signal, suggestion,suspicion, theory, thinking, tradition, truth, view, warning etc.
例句：
Both parties expressed the hope that this agreement will insure stable peace. 双方表达了希望，该协议将确保稳定和平。
Carter said there was a fear that America’s best years were over. 卡特说存在一种担心，那就是，美国的最好年代过去了。
She tried to hide the fact that she was looking for another job. 她企图隐瞒事实，她在寻找另一份工作。
上面列出的经常可以跟that clause作同位语的名词在电子文档“4.That 分句作Appositive clause”中都有例句。其中表示要求、命令、建议等意思的名词后的同位语分句中使用should + 动词原形的虚拟格式，should 可有可无（optional）
The committee have passed a resolution that conditions (should) be improved. 委员会通过了一个决议，决定改善条件。
We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. 我们面临一个诉求，要求取消这项税收。
Wh-clause 也可以作名词的同位语：
It is difficult to answer your question how I did it. 要回答你的问题，即我是怎么做的，很难。
I have no idea when he will come. 我不知道他何时能到这里。
3.18-3.20 名词后的定语/关系分句（relative clause after n.）
3.18 关系代词引导的定语分句（relative clauses introduced by relative pron.）
除了上面阐述的同位语分句（appositive clause），定语分句（relative clause）是名词后的另一种限定分句（finite clause）。定语分句修饰的名词叫作先行名词（antecedent），定语分句中代表先行名词的那个代词叫作关系代词（relative pron.），下边围绕关系代词进行分类讲述：
1. 关系代词作定语分句的主语（relative pron. as S）
关系代词作定语分句中的主语，先行名词是人，可以使用who或that，先行名词是物可以使用that或which:
The woman who/that is approaching us seems to be somebody I know. 那个快要到我们跟前的妇女我似乎认识。
Scientists have identified a gene that/which causes deafness in mice. 科学家鉴定出一种导致老鼠耳聋的基因。
2. 关系代词作定语分句的宾语（relative pron. as O）
relative pron. 作定语分句中的宾语，可以省略：
The news (which/that) we saw in the papers this morning was well received.今天上午我们在报上看到的新闻反响强烈。
This is the boy (who/whom) you met yesterday. 这是你昨天见到的男孩。
3. 先行名词前有序数词（包括next, last等）、only、all 或形容词的最高级等修饰，关系代词用that，不用which：
This is the most interesting film that (*which) has ever come from Hollywood. 这是好莱坞出品的最有意思的一部电影。
He picked up all the apples that (*which) had fallen from the trees. 他把从树上掉下来的苹果都拾起来了。
The first thing that (*which) should be done is to get some food. 该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
That’s the only thing（that）(*which) we can do now. 这是我们如今能做的唯一的事情。
4. relative pron.在定语分句作定语：
Employees whose work is of a higher standard receive higher wages. 雇员工作的标准高，工资也高。
The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. 窗户坏了的那个房子是空的。
5. relative pron.在定语分句中作介词的补语：
The friend with whom I was travelling is a doctor. = The friend (whom/who) I was travelling with is a doctor. 跟我一起旅游的朋友是医生。
He notes that science is an area in which many elementary school teachers have limited experience. 他指出科学是很多小学老师缺少经验的领域。
DNA is the genetic material of which all living things are formed.
DNA是所有生物构成的基因物质。
Her brother snatched6 the letter away, at which she was furious6. 她兄弟把信抢走了，她对这种行为十分愤怒。
6. relative pron.在定语分句中作主语的补语，只能使用which，如果是限制性（restrictive），可以省略：
She is the perfect accountant (which) (*who, *that) her predecessor6 was not. 她是一个出色的会计，她的前任不是。（which也可以省略）
He is a heavy smoke, which I am not. 他是一个烟鬼，我可不是。
This is a powerful car, which my last car was not.
这是一辆动力强大的汽车，我最后的车不如它。
Anna is a vegetarian（素食者）, which no one else is in our family.
阿娜不吃荤，我们家里其他人都不这样。
He’s not the same person (which) he was four years ago. 他已经不是四年前的他了。
7. 有时候relative pron. 代表了前面的整个句子，which和 as 常可代表先行句：
She is extremely popular among students, as/which is common knowledge.
她在学生中很受欢迎，这是大家都知道的。
Things then improved, which/as surprises me. 情况好转了，使我很是惊讶。
I live a long way from work, as/which you know. 我住得离上班地方远，这你是知道的。
As 可以提前：
As (*Which) is common knowledge, she is extremely popular among students. 众所周知的，她在学生中深受欢迎。
As (*Which) you know, I live a long way from work. 这你是知道的，我住得离上班的地方远。
8. as 作relative pron.时，常与 the same, as, so, such 等呼应：
You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago. 你仍然是我十年之前熟悉的你。
I never heard such stories as he told. 我从来没有听到过你讲的这些故事。
We witnessed so exciting a sight as we had never dreamed of.
我们亲眼看到了这么激动的景象，这在以前从来没有梦想过。
He is willing to answer as many questions as may be raised.
他愿意回答所有可能提出的问题。
3.19 关系副词引导的定语分句（relative clauses introduced by relative adv. ）
定语分句修饰的先行名词是表示时间、地点、原因、方式的名词的时候，定语分句中就要由介词+关系代词引导，或直接有关系副词（relative adv.）引导。无论是prep.+ relative pron，还是relative adv.在定语分句中都充当状语：
That’s the place in which/where she was born. 那是她出生的地方。
That was the period in which/when she lived here. 那是她在这里生活的时期。
That’s the reason why he spoke. (? for which) 那是他发言的理由。
表示方式的名词way后没有relative adv，即how不能充当relative adv.，只能使用in which或直接使用that，或不使用关系词：
He likes the way (that) music is changing. （*how）他喜欢音乐变化的方式。
I makes cakes the way (in which或that) my mother made them.（*how）我用我妈做蛋糕的方法做蛋糕。
要表示“她到达的那天”有多种说法：
the day on which she arrived the day which she arrived on
the day that she arrived on the day she arrived on
the day when she arrived the day she arrived
the day that she arrived
3. 20 限制性和非限制性定语分句（restrictive & nonrestrictive relative clause）
定语分句有限制性（restrictive）和非限制性（nonrestrictive）之分，限制性分句的主要目的是为了确定和区别是哪个人或哪个物：
The school which my children attend is within walking distance. （确认是我的孩子们就读的学校）
Those who give to charity may be able to get tax breaks. （确认捐钱给慈善机构的人可以免税）
非限制性只是一个补充说明，有很多具有状语意义：
The soldier shot the victims, many of whom were women and children. = The soldier shot the victims and many of them were women and children.士兵袭击受害人，其中很多是妇女儿童。（相当于作为补充信息的并列句）
My brother, who has lived in America for over 30 years, can still speak Italian. = My brother can still speak Italian, although he has lived in America for over 30 years. 我兄弟仍然能够说意大利语，尽管他在美国生活了30年。（让步关系）
Anna thanked her teacher, who had been very helpful. = …for being very helpful or because s/he had been very helpful.安娜感谢她老师，因为这个老师对她的帮助太大了。（表示原因）
They set up a separate state of their own, where they could be free to keep Negroes as slaves. = …so that they could be free …他们建立一个独立的国家，目的是可以把黑人当奴隶使用（表示目的）
A suggestion, which will benefit the majority of the people, is likely to be supported and accepted. = …as long as it will benefit … 只要这个建议能够使大部分人受益，它就可能得到支持并被接受。（提出一个条件）
3.21 长名词短语构成（formation of long noun phrase）
综合本章所述，一个名词形成一个长长的名词短语（long noun phrase）的构成方法如下：限定词（determiner）+ 前置修饰语（premodifier）+ 名词词头（noun head）+ 后置修饰语（postmodifier），后置修饰语中出现的名词和形容词后面还可能跟有修饰语和补语。当然每一个 long noun phrase 无需包括全部成分。Long noun phrase 保持其名词性（nominal），在句子中充当主语（S），宾语（O），主补（SC），介补（prep. C）等等。 随着文章难度的加大，Long noun phase 的应用频率就会越来越高，有的相当复杂。读懂 long noun phrase，并慢慢学会组织和使用这种链式结构，是开启英语思维的重要标志。汉译时往往要通过加字的方法译成句子，并根据上下逻辑关系增加必要的关联词。
碰到long noun phrase 首先要认准noun head，然后通过分析其前后各类修饰语迅速理解其含义。如果再进一步，在写作或汉译英的时候不仅仅使用分句，而且学会使用long noun phrase，这就进入了一种实在的英语思维，使自己的译文和写作更为英语化，到达造诣更深，水平更高的境界
还要认识到名词两种后置修饰的限定性分句，即同位语分句（appositive clause）和定语分句（relative clause）不是主句（main clause）的一个成分，它们与主句不存在主从关系，即不是主句的从句，而仅仅是一个名词的后置修饰语，是名词短语的一个部分。
3.22 that 同位语分句和 that 定语分句（that clause as appositive or relative）
n. 后面的that clause 究竟是relative 还是 appositive 似乎具有一定的专业性，译成汉语也看不到其间的区别，不少人觉得甚是麻烦罗嗦而放弃将它们区别清楚。如果仅仅为基本看懂英语意思，或将其译成汉语可能无大碍，但如果要用英语写作或汉译英，你就必须把两者分得清清楚楚，明明白白。其实两者的区别也不难，主要是看连接词 that 是否在分句中充当成分，充当了分句中的一个成分就是关系代词（relative pron.）；只起连接作用，在分句中不充当任何成分，那就是引导的appositive ，请看例句：
The news that appeared in the papers this morning was well received. （that 是 that 分句的主语，引导 relative clause）今天早上报纸上披露的消息引起了一定反响。
The news (that) we saw in the papers this morning was well received. （that 是 that 分句的宾语，可以省略，引导relative clause）我们今天早上在报上看到的消息引起了一定的反响。
The news that the team had won calls for a celebration. （that 在分句中不充当任何成分，引导appositive，具体说明了news 的内容）该队获胜的消息需要庆祝一下。
更多的区别例句见电子文档“5. That-clause是定语还是同位语”
Exercises
Ⅰ. Point out the long noun phrase in the sentence according to its function hinted and translate the whole sentence into Chinese.（根据提示的语法功能指出长名词短语并将全句译成汉语）
1. The failure of police to prevent violence at a soccer match left at least 74 people dead and hundreds injured. （point out the n-phrase as S）
2. A new U.S. intelligence report warns of the risks of instability resulting from water challenges over the next decade. (point out the n-phrase as O of the verb “warns of”)
3. The price of oil has partly risen because of tensions over what Western powers say is the development of nuclear weaponry by oil-producing Iran. （point out the n-phrase as C of "because of”）
4. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and above all in a quiet neighborhood.(point out the n-phrase as O of “to rent”)
5. There was once an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.（point out the n-phrase as S of “there be” structure）
6. I’d take into account his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan. （point out the n-phrase as O of “take …into account”）
Ⅱ. The italicized“that clause” in each sentence may be relative or appositive to the antecedent. Please point out its attribute. （划线的that分句可能是先行名词的定语或同位语，请将其分辨清楚）
1. His career was not noticeably hindered by the fact that he had never been to college.
2. The college that I have never been to is the aim of my son.
3. I’ve seen the elephant that fell on you and made you late.
4. Your excuse that an elephant fell on you and made you late is just incredible.
5. She expressed her strong determination that nothing could induce her to give up her career as a teacher.
6. I’m wondering what kind of thing it is that can induce her to give up her career as a teacher.
7. We are all for the proposal that you put forward at the meeting.
8. We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.
9. The amateur ideal that the Olympic Games upholds is that what matters is not winning but participating.
10. The world’s greatest sporting event, the Olympic Games, upholds the amateur ideal that what matters is not winning but participating.
